Land Rover Range Rover

Range Rover

Manufacturer
Land Rover
Parent company
Ford 2000-BMW 1994-2000
Rover 1970-1994
Production
1970—present
Assembly
Solihull, United Kingdom
Class
Mid-size luxury SUV (1970-2002)Full-size luxury SUV (2003-present)
Layout
Front engine, four-wheel drive
Related
Range Rover Sport

The Range Rover is a four-wheel drive high-performance luxury SUV produced by Land Rover in the United Kingdom. It was first introduced in 1970 and is still in production today. From its inception, the Range Rover has always been one of the most luxurious sport utility vehicles available, although superb off-road capability is an essential cornerstone of the model. The vehicle is one of the most expensive of its type on the market.
The Range Rover is built on a box section ladder type chassis, much like the contemporary Series Land Rover, but utilizes coil springs as opposed to leaf springs, permanent four-wheel drive, and disc brakes all round. It was originally powered by the lightweight Rover V8 engine. Current models are powered by a Jaguar V8 of 4.4 litres.
In 1972 the British Trans-Americas Expedition became the first vehicle-based expedition to traverse both American continents north-to-south, including traversing the infamous roadless Darien Gap. The specially modified Range Rovers used for this expedition can be seen in the British Motor Industry Heritage Trust collection at Gaydon, Warwickshire, UK.
There have so far been 3 major model changes. Among enthusiasts, the original model is known as the Classic, the second generation is known as the P38A and the latest generation is known as the L322 or just "new Range Rover".
Before 1987, Land Rover vehicles were only sold in the United States through the grey market. The Land Rover company began selling the Range Rover officially in the U.S. in 1987. From that time until 1993, the U.S. marketing was all in the name of Range Rover, that being the only model offered in the American market. In 1993, with the arrival of the Defender 110 and the imminent arrival of the Land Rover Discovery, the company's U.S. sales were under the name "Land Rover North America".

The first luxury SUV
Although it had many features not found on most other SUVs at the time, it is debatable whether or not the Range Rover was the first luxury SUV, as many people claim. Other luxury SUVs, such as the Jeep Wagoneer (1963) were produced before the Range Rover. However, the Range Rover introduced features such as all-coil spring suspension, permanent four-wheel drive and disc brakes on all wheels whereas the American vehicles retained leaf springs and drum brakes (although some American SUVs like the Wagoneer also had automatic transmissions and power steering, which the original Range Rover lacked). Although Jeep may have been the first to introduce luxurious off-road vehicles to the general public,[1] the Range Rover was the first to add coil-sprung suspension and four-wheel disc brakes to the mix.
It should be noted that the original Range Rover of 1970 was not designed as a 'luxury' 4x4 in the way that US vehicles such as the Wagoneer were. Early Range Rovers had fairly basic interiors with vinyl seats and plastic dashboards that were designed to be washed down with a hose. Features such as power assisted steering, carpeted floors, air conditioning, cloth/leather seats and wooden interior trim were only fitted to the Range Rover later, when it was realised that it had a far larger market as a luxury vehicle than merely as a more comfortable alternative to the Land Rover Station Wagon.

[edit] Early history
Rover had been experimenting with producing a "big brother" to the Land Rover as far back as the 1950s, with the Rover P4-based two-wheel-drive Road Rover project. This was shelved in 1958, and the idea laid dormant until 1966, when engineers Spencer King and Gordon Bashford set to work on a new luxury off-roader.
In 1967, the first Range Rover prototype was built, with the classic Range Rover shape clearly discernible but for a different front grille and headlight configuration. The design of the Range Rover was finalised in 1969. Twenty-six Velar engineering development vehicles were built between 1969 and 1970 and were road registered with the number plates YVB 151H through YVB 177H.[2]
It is commonly thought that "VELAR" is an acronym for Vee Eight Land Rover, however the name is derived from the Italian 'Velare' meaning to veil or to cover.[3] Range Rover development engineer, Geof Miller, used the name as a decoy for registering pre-production Range Rovers. The Velar company was registered in London and produced forty pre-production vehicles that were built between 1967 and 1970. Most of these Velar pre-production vehicles are accounted for and have survived into preservation.[3]

[edit] First generation (1970–1995)
First generation

Production
1970-1995
Body style(s)
3- and 5-door SUV
Engine(s)
3.5 L, 3.9 L, 4.2 L aluminium Rover V8 engine 2.4 L Turbo D, 2.5 L Turbo D, 2.5 L Tdi
Transmission(s)
3-speed automatic4-speed automatic4-speed manual5-speed manual
Wheelbase
100 in (2540 mm) (SWB)108 in (2743 mm) (LWB)
Length
175 in (4445 mm) (SWB)183 in (4648 mm) (LWB)
Width
71.4 in (1814 mm)
Height
70.8 in (1798 mm)
Main article: Range Rover Classic
The first generation Range Rover was introduced in 1970. Improvements compared to the Land Rover "Series" models included permanent four-wheel-drive with a lockable centre differential, all-coil suspension, disc brakes on all wheels, and a 3.5 L aluminium Rover V8 engine. The vehicle was built on a steel ladder frame, and most body panels were aluminium. However, design weaknesses, such as using steel bolts to fasten aluminium panels and poor anti-corrosion protection of the chassis, resulted in early vehicles suffering from electrolytic corrosion. Whilst in a car with a shorter expected lifespan this may have been of minor importance, in a strong, long-lived vehicle like the Range Rover (which runs well even after 20 years old) it needed to be corrected, by means such as Waxoyling the chassis and using stainless steel bolts.
Originally the car was a three-door design (with the "third door" being a horizontally split tailgate), and it came with a four-speed gearbox. A Fairey overdrive was available ex-works from 1973. A factory-built version with five doors arrived in 1981 due to market pressure; external coachbuilders had already found success with conversions. The gearbox was improved to a five-speed manual transmission with the option of a three-speed Chrysler Torqueflite automatic, subsequently superseded by a ZF four-speed which improved fuel economy and refinement but is generally regarded as not quite as strong as the Chrysler. It was soon after given a BorgWarner viscous coupling transfer box.
The original (Buick designed) Rover 3.5-litre engine gave the original so much power and torque that it was popular with the police. Later upgrades enlarged the capacity to 3.9 litres and culminated in the 4.2-litre V8 block in the 1992-95 model. When people began to demand better fuel economy, Land Rover introduced a diesel. Originally, the Turbo D model used a 2.4-litre turbodiesel engine from Italian manufacturer VM Motori, similar to their engine fitted to the Rover SD1 and 800-series cars, but this had been intended to be a smooth petrol-like engine for cars, not off-roaders. Eventually the Land Rover 2.5-litre Tdi as used in other Land Rovers was fitted, and this gave good on- and off-road performance, combined with acceptable fuel economy for a vehicle as heavy as the Range Rover.
Land-Rover first officially exported the Range Rover to the United States in 1987, seventeen years after its introduction, by which time it was a popular grey market car.

[edit] Second generation (1995–2002)
Second generation

Production
1995-2002
Body style(s)
5-door SUV
Engine(s)
4.0 L and 4.6 L aluminum Rover V8 (Updated), 2.5 BMW TD
Transmission(s)
4-speed automatic, 5-speed manual
Wheelbase
108.1 in (2746 mm)
Length
185.5 in (4712 mm)
Width
74.4 in (1890 mm)
Height
71.6 in (1819 mm)
After 25 years from the introduction of the first generation Range Rover, the second generation Range Rover — model-designation P38A (see note below) — was introduced for the 1995 model year, with an updated version of the Rover V8 engines. There was also the option of a 2.5-litre BMW turbo-diesel and this was made possible by BMW's ownership of the Land Rover brand from 1994 to 2000 competing with the Lamborghini LM002. The new model was even more luxurious, incorporated new engine management (smoother and more powerful) and improved air suspension that allowed automatic, speed proportional height adjustment. This could also detect when the vehicle had become 'grounded' and attempt to raise itself to maximum height in an attempt to gain traction. This system, although beneficial to ride and comfort has proved to be problematic, with reports of failing suspension air bags and pumps. The chassis was also made stronger and new welding techniques were used. Other features included anti-lock braking system and two-wheel traction control — although later models saw this feature applied to all four wheels. In 2000 the Range Rover was facelifted (commonly referred to as the clear lens model) and three special edition models were released:
The Anniversary edition which was manufactured in Wimbledon green with green leather upholstery and cream piping.
The Holland and Holland edition: Made in collaboration with Holland and Holland (a famous gunsmith based in London, UK). This model was manufactured in dark green paintwork, brown leather upholstery with cream piping, gun boxes, H & H inscriptions throughout the vehicle, partially green painted alloys and every extra such as a DVD player and TV's throughout the vehicle. 400 Holland and Holland Range Rover's were manufactured, all of them came with 4.6 litre petrol engines.
The Range Rover Linley: This is the most exclusive Range Rover ever made. It was designed by the famous interior designer David Linley [1]. The Range Rover Linley was entirely black, with black top quality leather upholstery, black lambswool rugs, black ebony wood inserts, black leather headlining, black tinted alloys and an endless list of other exquisitely made additions. All electrical accessories such as a full entertainment package came as standard. At the time of release the Range Rover Linley retailed for over £200,000 in the UK and only 10 examples were ever built.
Two more special edition models were released in 2001:
The Range Rover Bordeaux: This was available with bright 'Bordeaux Red' paintwork and partially coloured alloys. Also included was cream leather upholstery with 'Bordeaux Red' piping and 'Bordeaux Red' carpeting throughout, including the inside of the tailgate. 200 Range Rover Bordeaux's were manufactured; 100 4.0 litre petrol models and 100 2.5 litre diesel models.
The Range Rover Westminster: This was available in either silver or grey paintwork different from the usual paintwork of those colours available and grey tinted alloys. The interior was available in "Westminster Grey" leather upholstery with black piping, light grey poplar wood interior, and further colour coordination to the carpets and ceiling. 400 Range Rover Westminsters were produced; 200 4.0 litre petrol models and 200 2.5 litre diesel models.
Many people refer to this generation of Range Rover by the designation P38 or P38A, neither of which is the correct LR designation. The project was called Pegasus internally by Land Rover, and this, coupled with the project being housed in block 38A resulted in the unofficial designation P38A, which has become common in general use.

Third generation (2002–present)
Third generation

Production
2002-present
Body style(s)
5-door SUV
Engine(s)
Jaguar AJ-V8Supercharged AJ-V8Turbo Diesel V6Turbo Diesel V8 (2006-present)4.4L BMW M62 V8 (2003-2005)
Transmission(s)
6-speed automatic (2006-present)5-speed automatic (2003-2005)
Wheelbase
113.4 in (2880 mm)
Length
194.9 in (4950 mm) (2003-05)195.7 in (4971 mm) (2006-present)
Width
77 in (1956 mm)
Height
73.3 in (1862 mm) (2003-05)74.9 in (1902 mm) (2006-present)
In 2002 a third generation model was introduced which saw the model move further up-market. Land Rover was now owned by Ford, after they took over from BMW in 2000. The Range Rover initially came with the BMW M62 V8 petrol with 282 bhp (210 kW) and 6-cylinder diesel engines because at that time, when the third generation Range Rover was being developed, it was still owned by BMW, although only the V8 gasoline is offered in North America. The last model has improved ground clearance and cross-linked air springs. This time, a unibody architecture was chosen, with many design cues from the original model.
From the Diesel engine of the 2006 model to the supercharged V8, the car can reach 60 mph (97 km/h) from 14.8 seconds to 6.5 seconds and has a top speed from 110 mph (180 km/h) to 170 mph (270 km/h) (actual speed) respectively.
On 26 November 2004, Land Rover released the first photographs of the Range Rover Sport, a new model it planned to show to the public for the first time at the 2005 North American International Auto Show. The Range Rover Sport is a production car development of the Range Stormer concept vehicle the company showcased in the 2004 North American International Auto Show. Though called the Range Rover Sport, it was not merely a new specification within the Range Rover line-up, but rather an entirely new vehicle, based on the Discovery/LR3 chassis. This model was released for sale in late 2005 as a 2006 model.
Conscious of the need for more power to keep up with the Range Rover's competitors, and reluctant to keep relying on BMW for power plants, Ford presided over the adaptation of engines from Jaguar (also Ford-owned) for Land Rover use. A 4.4-litre, 305 hp (227 kW) version of the Jaguar 4.2-litre V8 was developed and first used in the new 2005 Discovery/LR3 model, temporarily giving it more power than the Range Rover. At the 2005 Detroit Motor Show, a major update of the Range Rover was unveiled, with the base model using the LR3/Discovery 3 engine, and a premium model using a supercharged version of the Jaguar 4.2-litre V8 developing 400 horsepower (300 kW)—the same engine slated for the new Range Rover Sport (the RRS model uses a detuned variant making a total of 389 bhp), scheduled for introduction about the same time (mid 2005) as the updated Range Rover. Both engines are lightweight aluminium alloy units, with advanced torque-based engine management systems that, together with drive-by-wire throttle control and variable camshaft phasing (on the 4.4-litre version), continually adjust the engine to deliver optimum performance. Both the engines are specially adapted by Land Rover for better low speed torque characteristics (important in off-road driving), the ability to run at the extreme angles encountered off road, improved protection from dust and rocks, and improved sealing needed for wading.
The Range Rover's exterior was updated for 2006 along with the BMW V8 replaced with a Ford unit. The new engine choices were Jaguar's AJ-V8, with 4.4 L 300 hp (227 kW) or 4.2 L 400 hp (298 kW) supercharged variants. This new Range Rover was officially presented at the 2005 North American International Auto Show and released in summer 2005.
In addition, the 2006 Range Rover is equipped with an updated "infotainment" system. This includes a touch screen with on and off-road navigation, radio, CD, Satellite Radio (US), telephone, rear view camera, a wireless video camera system and other additional features all accessed via the same user interface. The audio system is Harman Kardon Logic7 surround sound. Also available is a DVD rear seat entertainment which is fully integrated.
This system is linked by a fibre optic network known as Media Oriented Systems Transport or MOST and an electronic network system known as CAN. A similar system is also used on Land Rover Discovery and Range Rover Sport.
Suppliers for the 2006 Range Rover's components include Continental Automotive for the complete cockpit module which incorporates the DENSO Corporation touch screen navigation unit. Continental also supply the centre console unit. Other suppliers include Alpine car audio for integrated head unit rear seat entertainment. Connaught Electronics Limited (CEL) provides the rear view camera (RVC) and wireless camera (VentureCam) systems and PTI telephone capabilities are provided by Nokia.
Most importantly the audio system is has been co-developed with Harmon Kardon. The premium offering gives a 720W, 14-speaker system and wasthe first OEM vehicle to use the discrete Logic 7 surround algorthim.
For 2007, all of the Range Rover's changes were mechanical or interior. On the inside, the hidden folding cup holder that popped out of the centre console in previous models was replaced by a simpler and more durable in-console design with sliding covers — similar in concept, but higher quality, to those in the Range Rover Sport. The ignition switch was moved from the lower-part of the centre console up to the dashboard, next to the steering wheel and the Range Rover received the Range Rover Sport / LR3's Terrain Response system as well as a redesigned four-wheel drive control panel. The handbrake is now electronic. Additionally, the seats differ from the old style, slightly resembling the new Range Rover Sport with cooling fans optional on the HSE and standard on the Supercharged. Heated seats are standard across the board and the premium seats from the BMW era are no longer available. The HVAC system was also updated with more vents and quieter operation. That, along with the acoustic laminated windscreen will lower driving noise. An increase in interior storage is mainly attributed to the new split-dual glovebox. And then in a return to original Range Rover styling, more wood inserts have been added to the doors and centre console. Mid-way through production of the 2007 model (around production date of January 2007) the style of the key was changed from the BMW design to Land Rover's current "switchblade" type.
The 3-litre BMW 6-cylinder diesel engine was replaced for 2007 with Ford's new 3.6 L AJD-V8. This engine boasts 272 hp (203 kW), far more than the 177 hp (132 kW) of the previous engine. Other changes for 2007 include better brakes, a revised suspension, and Land Rover's Terrain Response system. Supercharged Range Rovers will also use an electronic rear differential. The interior is also refined, with optional cooled front seats and more cargo capacity.
To celebrate twenty years in North America, Land Rover produced the 20th Anniversary Edition Range Rover, of which only forty were produced. Each vehicle is a supercharged Range Rover in a special pearl white paint with "Diamond" split-spoke 20-inch wheels and a unique, two-tone interior. Badges on the tailgate and door sills denote the vehicle as such and lists its production number out of the 40. This special edition retails for US$145,000. Only one of each model was distributed per dealer and the dealerships were chosen in a lottery. The fortieth one was auctioned at a silent auction to benefit charity.

Kobold for Range Rover
The Kobold Watch Company developed a clock specially for the dashboard of the 20th Anniversary Edition Range Rover. Kobold also produced an exclusive set of wristwatches of rugged design and great durability to accompany each vehicle. Kobold Range Rover 20th Anniversary Edition watches are made from aerospace grade titanium characterized by a polished, high-gloss finish. The Kobold Range Rover watches are equipped with modified ETA 2892 movements.
Land Rover also commissioned the Kobold Company to produce a range of Land Rover-branded timepieces. The wristwatches will be available exquisitely to best retailers and senior Land Rover executives. The partnership between Kobold and Land Rover was strengthened by the cooperation of Sir Ranulph Fiennes, the British explorer and ambassador of both brands.[4]

Honda Civic

Honda Civic Hybrid 1
Manufacturer	Honda
Production	2003–present
Assembly	Suzuka, Japan
Class	Compact
Body style(s)	4-door sedan
Layout	FF layout
Related	Honda Civic

First generation
Production	2003–2005
Engine(s)	1.3 L I4 SOHC
Transmission(s)	CVT 5-speed manual
Wheelbase	103.1 in (2619 mm)
Length	2003: 174.6 in (4435 mm) 2004-05: 175.4 in (4455 mm)
Width	67.5 in (1715 mm)
Height	2003: 56.7 in (1440 mm) 2004-05: 56.3 in (1430 mm)
Fuel capacity	12.3 US gal. / 50 litres
Related	Honda Civic Honda CR-V Honda Element Acura RSX Honda Integra Acura EL

Second generation
Production	2006–present
Engine(s)	gas: 1.3 L I4 SOHC electric: 156 volt 15 kW
Transmission(s)	CVT
Wheelbase	106.3 in (2700 mm)
Length	176.7 in (4488 mm)
Width	69.0 in (1753 mm)
Height	56.3 in (1430 mm)
Fuel capacity	12.3 US gal. / 50 litres
Related	Honda Civic Honda CR-V Honda Element Acura RSX Honda Integra Acura CSX

Main article: Honda Civic

The Honda Civic Hybrid is a hybrid version of the Honda Civic sedan.

For the 2003 model of the Civic, Honda added a continuously variable transmission and an Integrated Motor Assist hybrid system similar to that of the Insight, creating a fuel efficient hybrid sedan. It is an assist hybrid. Along with the conventional Civic, it received updated styling for 2004.

It was redesigned in 2006 and based off the new Civic platform.

Technology

1st Generation (2003-2005 Model)

• 1.3 L single overhead cam i-DSI lean-burn internal-combustion engine with VTEC Cylinder Cut-off System, which allows up to three cylinders to cease operation during deceleration. This decreases friction losses generated by engine aspiration and allows more effective regeneration of energy.
• 15 kW (20 hp) brushless, permanent magnet assist motor, which functions as a generator during deceleration and loads (recharges) batteries.
• 120 V Nickel-metal hydride batteries with 6.0 A·h capacity.
• Multimatic S continuously variable or 5-speed manual transmission (latter available only in USA).
• SULEV or optional AT-PZEV certification by the California Air Resources Board (CARB).
• Low rolling resistance tires and regenerative braking.
• Electric power-steering.
• Does not need to be plugged in (nor is a factory plugin available).

2004-2005 Honda Civic Hybrid

2nd Generation (2006-Present Model)

Note: only advancements specified, those items remaining the same not mentioned.

• 4th generation IMA (Integrated Motor Assist).
• 1.3 L single overhead cam four-cylinder gas engine same as before; yet, there is now the addition of high profile camshaft. This increases power to 93 hp (69 kW) @ 6000 rpm.
• Addition of third stage of i-VTEC and VCM (Variable Cylinder Management) permits deactivation of all four cylinders when decelerating and constant cruising. This allows the car to run only on electric power for the first time.

• EPA increase to 40 mpg (US) (5.9 L/100 km) city, 45 mpg (US) (5.2 L/100 km) highway.

2007	2006 Honda Civic Hybrid (JDM)

Awards

The Civic Hybrid's engine won the International Engine of the Year "1 litre to 1.4 litre" size category award for three years straight from 2002 through 2004 as well as the "Best Fuel Economy" category for 2003 and 2004. It has won Motor Trend 2006 Car of the Year award, along with the rest of the Civic range.

Ford Fusion

Ford Fusion
Manufacturer	Ford Motor Company
Production	2006—present
Assembly	Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
Predecessor	Ford Mondeo (In Mexico and Latin America) Ford Contour (in USA)
Class	Mid-size
Body style(s)	4-door sedan
Layout	Front engine, front-wheel drive / four-wheel drive
Platform	Ford CD3 platform
Engine(s)	2.3 L Duratec 23 I4 3.0 L Duratec 30 V6
Transmission(s)	6-speed Aisin automatic (V6) 5-speed Mazda manual (I4) 5-speed Mazda automatic (I4)
Wheelbase	107.4 in (2728 mm)
Length	190.2 in (4831 mm)
Width	72.2 in (1834 mm)
Height	57.2 in (1453 mm)
Related	Ford Edge Lincoln MKX Lincoln MKZ Lincoln Zephyr Mazda6 Mazda CX-9 Mercury Milan Ford Mondeo

For the European estate car / mini MPV, see Ford Fusion (European).

The North American Ford Fusion (code name CD338) is a mid-size car produced by the Ford Motor Company since the 2006 model year.

The Fusion is manufactured at Ford's Hermosillo Stamping & Assembly plant in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico, where the similar Mercury Milan and Lincoln MKZ are also built. All three cars are based on the same platform and were launched simultaneously into the market (the MKZ as the Zephyr). Production on the first Fusions began on August 1, 2005. The Fusion replaced the Mondeo for the Mexican and Latin American markets—except in Argentina, where the current European Mondeo is available—but in the United States and Canada, it filled the gap since the discontinuation of the Ford Contour in 2000. It is larger than the defunct Contour, closer to the size of the original 1986 Ford Taurus, an example of the increase in size of cars since the 1980s. It is similar in size to its most direct competitors, the Toyota Camry, Honda Accord, and Hyundai Sonata.

At launch, the Fusion fit into a line of sedans by Ford (smallest to largest) and EPA size category:^[1]

• Ford Focus (compact)
• Ford Fusion (midsize)
• Ford Taurus (fullsize)

Fusion was the first production car to feature the "new face of Ford" three-bar grille, which (along with two matching bars below the bumper/fascia forming a five-bar design) was first seen on a concept car called the Ford 427, unveiled in 2003 at the North American International Auto Show (NAIAS) in Detroit.

Ford's early advertising campaign for the Fusion in the United States was entitled "Life in Drive", while in Canada it was "Create a Reaction". In January 2007, the company launched a new campaign for the Fusion titled "Fusion Challenge" (later renamed "Ford Challenge").

Overview

With its launch, the Fusion debuted Ford's new three-bar grille design, which is expected to become the company's trademark look for the rest of the decade. Production volume is projected at 160,000-200,000 per year. U.S. sales in 2006 totaled 142,502.

Car and Driver notes that the car is actually similar in size to the first generation Ford Taurus rather than the Ford Tempo or Ford Contour which occupied the small mid-size slot during those years, an example of car size inflation since the 1980s.

Changes to the CD3 platform from the Mazda6 include stretching it by 30 mm (1.2 in) in width and 55 mm (2.2 in) in length, strengthening it, and modifying the suspension for a more compliant ride. Like the Mazda, the Fusion uses the Mazda-designed 2.3 L Duratec 23 I4 and 3.0 L Duratec 30 V6. All wheel drive is offered for V6 models in 2007.

The Fusion shares some interior parts with the otherwise unrelated Mk III Ford Mondeo, such as part of the console and the seats. Both automatic and manual transmissions are available (the latter only with the I4 engine).

Background on name choice

The Fusion was originally to be called the Futura, which was last used in North America as the name of a two-door version of the Fairmont. Ford, however, lost a trademark lawsuit to the Pep Boys auto parts store, which has a line of tires under the Futura brand. American trademark law generally considers a name abandoned if the owner does not use it for three calendar years and the long history of the name in the Ford line did not impress the court.

The Futura name is actually still used by Ford Australia as a trim line for the Falcon. Pep Boys does not operate in Australia, thus there was no conflict of trademark in that country.

Another choice of name was Falcon, but that would have caused much confusion with the long-running Australian Ford Falcon. Still, that didn't prevent Ford from duplicating the name of the European Fusion, a supermini based on the Ford Fiesta. Another name considered was "Torino", a popular muscle car and a peer of the also-recently-revived Dodge Charger.

Racing

NASCAR

A Ford Fusion - red #21 - racing in NASCAR

The Fusion also became the new body shape for Ford automobiles in NASCAR beginning in 2006, replacing the Ford Taurus.^[2] This is the first time that Ford has introduced a new model that went racing in NASCAR at the same time as its launch since the aerodynamically slick Ford Torino in 1968. It debuted at the 2006 Daytona 500, and won its first race a week later in California.

Land speed record success

Ford Motor Company announced its attempt to use a fuel cell version of Ford Fusion, Ford Fusion Hydrogen 999, to set land speed record in Aug. 10-17 during Bonneville Speed Week in 2007.^[3] The Fusion 999 project was born in early 2006 when Ford fuel cell engineering manager Mujeeb Ijaz approached Roush Racing about doing a project to demonstrate the performance potential of a fuel cell-powered vehicle. The team from Roush, led by Rick Darling, worked with a team of Ford engineers and technicians led by Matt Zuehlk to come up with a vehicle design that could meet the goal of exceeding 200mph on the Bonneville salt flats fueled only by hydrogen.^[4] On 2007-8-15, the vehicle set the fastest fuel cell ground vehicle speed record of 207.297mph.^[5]

Awards and consumer response

According to Ford, consumer response to the Fusion has exceeded their expectations,^[6] with 30,000 sold during the first quarter of 2006. The Fusion was nominated for the North American Car of the Year award for 2006. In July 2006, Strategic Vision gave the Fusion its Total Quality Award as the best-quality midsize sedan on the American market.^[7]

An article reflecting on the retirement of the Taurus however noted that whatever its faults, Ford did sell a large volume of them, and at the time production ended, the Taurus was still outselling the smaller Fusion and larger Ford Five Hundred combined, thanks to Taurus' large fleet sales. In the first half of 2006, approximately 81% of Fusion sales were retail (as opposed to fleet).^[8] This sales mix has contributed, in part, to the Fusion's relatively high residual value compared to the Taurus.^[9]

Reviews

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2007)

• In a December 2005 test, Car and Driver ranked the Fusion just below the first-place Honda Accord, edging out the Toyota Camry and Hyundai Sonata by only a few points. "The Verdict: Not your father's Taurus"^[10]

• Consumer Reports has also given positive reviews to the Fusion, as it had to the previous Taurus. The magazine said it was "unexpectedly impressed" with its handling and ride, which it said was comparable to European models. In addition, CR pointed out that in its yearly car survey, where readers reply to questions about their cars, the Fusion stood out as having high reliability levels--an exceptional result for a first-year car.

• Ford Fusion ranked highest among midsize cars in the JD Power APEAL study for 2006.

• In December 2006, Ford contracted with Car and Driver to conduct a "ride and drive" event in which approximately 600 of the magazine's subscribers evaluated an all-wheel drive Fusion variant against the front-wheel drive Honda Accord and the front-wheel drive Toyota Camry. The testing was conducted on tracks set up at a parking lot at FedEx Field outside Washington, D.C. Testers remarked on each vehicle's driving dynamics, styling, room, and perceived quality. The overwhelming response was largely in favor of the Fusion, particularly in driving dynamics and styling. A second such event was held in the Los Angeles area in January 2007, sponsored by another Hachette Filipacchi magazine, Road and Track. Ford used the test results and videos from these events in a marketing campaign called "Fusion Challenge" and later renamed "Ford Challenge". Predictably, the TV, and print advertisements pitted the Fusion directly against the Camry and Accord.

Features and model information

New features for 2007

For 2007, all-wheel drive became available on V6 models. Sirius Satellite Radio is available as an option on the SE and SEL models.

As well, the Fusion now has front-seat side airbags and a side air curtain as standard features, as well as an anti-theft perimeter alarm. (All were previously available as cost options.)

Also added is an auxiliary audio input jack for audio transmission from a portable audio player along with some equipment modifications. A DVD-based navigation system also became available.

New features for 2008

For the 2008 model year, Ford continues to refine the Fusion's options. ABS is now a standard feature, as is tire pressure monitoring system. New optional features include rear parking assist, Ford's "Sync" multimedia and communication system, and ambient interior lighting. The DVD navigation was replaced with a new generation system featuring voice commands, and for the first time navigation is available also with manual transmission. Finally, 2 packages were added to the options list: Sport Appearance Package and Moon and Tune package. The latter makes the Audiophile 8-speaker audio system available on the SE trim line. Several colors were deleted and some others added.

[edit] 2009 Refresh & Hybrid versions

Ford will be updating the 2009 Fusion significantly with a new front end design, most likely sticking to a 3-bar chrome grill with a more striking theme. It is most likely that the 3.5L Duratec 35 will replace the Duratec 30 as the default engine, making over 260hp compared to the current 221hp. Ford's anticipated "Eco-Boost" 4 and 6 cylinder engines could also be an option on powertrains. The vehicle is also most likely going to feature switch gear from its more recently refreshed stablemates, the Focus and Escape; such as the HVAC controls and stereo functions. (source FoMoCo news.com)

A hybrid electric version of the Fusion was announced at the 2005 NAIAS, along with the public introduction of the original 2006 Fusion. It is scheduled to be introduced in 2008 as a 2009 model year.^[11][12]

Future coupe version

According to Motor Trend magazine (September 2006 issue), Ford may offer a 2-door coupe model of the Fusion sedan.^[13] A coupe based on the midsize sedan would join the ranks of similar sedan/coupe body style combinations, such as those seen in the Honda Accord coupe, Toyota Camry Solara coupe, Nissan Altima coupe, and Pontiac G6 coupe.

Engines

• 3.0 L Duratec 30 V6, 221 hp (165 kW) and 205 ft·lbf (278 N·m)
• 2.3 L Duratec 23 I4 160 hp and 156 ft·lbf

Future engine possibilities

• 3.5 L Duratec 35 V6, 263+ hp

(196 kW) and 250 ft•lbf (338 Nm)

• Twin Force turbocharged 4 cylinder engine making at least 200 hp

EPA fuel economy

• Passenger Volume 100 ft3 (4D)
• Luggage Volume 16 ft3 (4D)
• Fuel Type: Regular Gasoline

• 2.3L 4-cylinder, 5-speed manual:
  • MPG (city) 23
  • MPG (highway) 31
  • MPG (combined) 26
  • Average User MPG 28.9

• 2.3L 4-cylinder, 5-speed Automatic
  • MPG (city) 24
  • MPG (highway) 32
  • MPG (combined) 27

• 3.0L V6, 6-speed automatic:
  • MPG (city) 21
  • MPG (highway) 29
  • MPG (combined) 25

BMW1 Series

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BMW 1 Series
Manufacturer	BMW
Production	2004–present
Assembly	Leipzig, Germany Regensburg, Germany
Predecessor	BMW Compact
Class	Small-luxury car / small family car / Compact car
Layout	FR layout

The BMW 1 Series (code name E87) is a small-luxury car / small family car produced by the German automaker BMW since 2004. It will be available for the first time in North America, in coupe and convertible versions only, starting in March 2008. The 1 Series is the only vehicle in its class featuring rear-wheel drive and a longitudinally-mounted engine.

Overview

E81/E87
Production	2004-present
Body style(s)	5-door "Hatch" 3-door "SportsHatch" hatchback
Platform	BMW E81 (3-door hatchback) BMW E87 (5 door hatchback)
Engine(s)	1.6 L I4 2.0 L I4 2.0 L diesel I4 3.0 L I6
Transmission(s)	5-speed manual 6-speed manual 6-speed semi-automatic
Wheelbase	2660 mm (104.7 in)
Length	2004-06: 4227 mm (166.4 in) 2007-Present 5-Door: 4239 mm (166.9 in) 2007-Present 3-Door: 4329 mm (170.4 in)
Width	2004-06: 1751 mm (68.9 in) 2007-present: 1748 mm (68.8 in)
Height	2004-06: 1430 mm (56.3 in) 2007-present: 1421 mm (55.9 in)
Curb weight	1320–1450 kg (2904-3190 lbs)

The 1 Series was first offered to the market in 2004 as a five-door hatchback and is the only rear-wheel drive in its class. It replaced the BMW 3 Series Compact range and is currently the smallest and most 'affordable' vehicle (depending on the engine model) in the BMW range. Unlike its predecessor, the new vehicle is built on its own platform (E87), however, it shares many components with the E90 3 Series. These include MacPherson struts in the front of the car, and a trapezoidal-link rear axle. BMW has stated that it shares over 60% of components with the current E90 BMW 3-Series.[1]

The 1 Series is built in Regensburg and Leipzig, Germany, with some of the engines coming from the Hams Hall plant in Birmingham, England.

During its first full year on the market in 2005, it became one of BMW's most successful products. 149,493 units were sold, coming in third place: only the 3 and 5 Series sold better.^[1]

For the MY 2008 the coupe (code named E82) and coupe convertible (code named E88) variant have been introduced by BMW. U.S. introduction is scheduled for 2nd quarter of 2008.

2007 update

BMW upgraded the 1 Series for 2007 and introduced a 3-door sports hatch variant (code named E81). Changes to the model were minor headlight and tail-light revisions, new front & rear bumpers and minor revisions to the interior. The dashboard has been updated, and a recommended gear indicator is now present on models with manual transmissions.^[2]

New technologies include an Auto Start-Stop, Brake Energy Regeneration, Electric Power Steering, an electric water pump, and a host of drivetrain modifications designed for fuel economy, increased performance, and lower emissions.^[3] BMW marketing has named this combination of technologies "EfficientDynamics",^[4] which will also be implemented in other BMW models.

The 1 Series is effectively the first in the world to have mild hybrid technology as standard equipment, although BMW is careful in its marketing not to label it as a hybrid vehicle.

Engines

The engines available for E81 and E87 are basically the same as found in the E90/E91, with exception for the 3.0 L inline-6, which is slightly modified to produce more power. For the 2008 model year, the 135i is powered by a twin-turbocharged 3.0-liter inline six-cylinder engine that produces 300 horsepower (220 kW) and 300 ft·lbf (410 N·m) of torque from 1,400 rpm. For the 135i Coupe, acceleration from 0–62 mph (0–100 km/h) is 5.3 seconds (per BMW) and top speed is electronically limited to 155 mph (250 km/h). Fuel efficiency is increased to 30.7mpg (0.076 L/1 km), an increase of 18% compared to its predecessor. [2]

The engines below are preceded by their model year introduction.

In early 2006 the 5-speed manual transmission in the 116i and 118i, were phased out. Consequently, all models are equipped with the 6-speed by default.

Petrol (gasoline) engines:

• 2004- 116i: N45B16 1596 cc I4, 16 valves, 115 hp/85 kW, 150 N·m (110 ft·lbf)
• 116i: 0-100 km/h: 10.1 s, top speed 196 km/h (122 mph) MT
• 116i: 0-100 km/h: 11.4 s, top speed 192 km/h (119 mph) AT

• 2005–2007 118i: N46B20 1995 cc I4, 16 valves, 129 hp/95 kW, 180 N·m (130 ft·lbf)
• 2007- 118i: N46B20 1995 cc I4, 16 valves, 143 hp/105 kW, 190 N·m (140 ft·lbf)
• 2004–2007 120i: N46B20 1995 cc I4, 16 valves, 150 hp/110 kW, 200 N·m (150 ft·lbf)
• 120i: 0-100 km/h: 7.9 s, top speed 212 km/h (132 mph) MT
• 120i: 0-100 km/h: 9.3 s, top speed 208 km/h (129 mph) AT

• 2007- 120i: N46B20 1995 cc I4, 16 valves, 170 hp/125 kW, 210 N·m (150 ft·lbf)
• 2006- 130i: N52B30 2996 cc I6, 24 valves, 265 hp/195 kW, 315 N·m (232 ft·lbf)

Upcoming versions:

• 2008- 128i: N52B30 2996 cc I6, 24 valves, 230 hp, 271 N·m (200 ft·lbf) (* Not yet available to order)
• 2008- 135i: N54B30 2979 cc I6, 24 valves, 306 hp/225 kW, 400 N·m (300 ft·lbf) (* Not yet available to order) [3]

Diesel engines:

• 2004–2007 118d: M47TU2D20 1995 cc I4, 16 valves, 122 hp/90 kW, 280 N·m (210 ft·lbf)
• 2007- 118d: BMW N47 1995 cc I4, 16 valves, 143 hp/105 kW, 300 N·m (220 ft·lbf)
• 2004–2007 120d: M47TU2D20 1995 cc I4, 16 valves, 163 hp/120 kW, 340 N·m (250 ft·lbf)
• 2007- 120d: BMW N47 1995 cc I4, 16 valves, 177 hp/130 kW, 350 N·m (260 ft·lbf)
• 2007- 123d: BMW N47 1995 cc I4, 16 valves, 204 hp/152 kW, 400 N·m (300 ft·lbf)

Production

Sales statistics according to BMW's annual reports.

• 2004: 39,247 (Launched in September)
• 2005: 149,493
• 2006: 151,918

Future versions

M version

CAR Magazine has asserted that there will be an M version of the 1 series, although BMW denies that the M1 nameplate will be resurrected in respect for the M1 supercar of the late 1970s.^[5] Instead, at the 40th Tokyo Motor Show in October 2007, BMW announced plans to build the "M" version with the series designation "tii", a tribute to the famed vehicle of the 1970s.^[6]

Coupé

E82
Production	2007–present
Body style(s)	2-door coupe
Platform	BMW E82
Engine(s)	2.0 L 177, 204 hp (152 kW) diesel I4 3.0 L 230 hp (170 kW) I6 3.0 L 300 hp (220 kW) I6
Transmission(s)	6-speed manual 6-speed automatic
Wheelbase	2660 mm (104.7 in)
Length	4360 mm (171.7 in)
Width	1748 mm (68.8 in)
Height	Coupe: 1423 mm (56 in) 135i Coupe: 1408 mm (55.4 in)

BMW will be launching the latest addition to the 1 Series line-up, the 1 Series Coupé (E82), at the Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung (IAA) 2007. It goes on sale on 24 November 2007. The flagship of the range will be the 135i with a 3-litre twin-turbo petrol engine, generating 225 kW/306 hp (DIN) with its six cylinders. This model also comes with a modified M sports package as standard. The 123d (150 kW/204 hp(DIN)) heads up the range of diesels and is the first ever 4-cylinder diesel engine to come with variable twin-turbo technology. In terms of fuel consumption, the 123d and 120d rate between 4.8 and 5.2 l/100 km (45-49 mpg).

On June 27, 2007, BMW released official information about the new upcoming 1-series Coupé[4]. In Europe, the Coupé would be available fall 2007 in 3 engine specifications: the known 120d and the new 204 hp 123d and 306 hp 135i, both twin-turbo engines.

On 30 June, 2007, BMW of North America officially announced the 1-Series Coupe as a 2008 model (code named E82) and that will be the first 1 Series to go on sale in the USA. Two models are initially to be offered: the 128i and the 135i. The 128i will be powered by a 3.0 liter, 230 horsepower (170 kW) inline six cylinder engine. The 135i Coupe will be propelled by a 300 horsepower (220 kW), twin turbocharged 3.0 liter inline six cylinder engine.^[7] Both engines are shared with 3-series models 328i and 335i. Many auto enthusiasts have decried both the lack of a diesel option in the US, as well as the decision to offer only the coupe version.

Like the three and five-door BMW 1 Series models, the E82 also features various BMW EfficientDynamics components to reduce fuel consumption (see below). The Coupé is 133 mm (5.2 in) longer than the hatch, creating 20 litres of extra boot space. It is 220 mm (8.7 in) shorter than 3-series Coupé (E92). 120d, 123d and 135i Coupés' announced unladen weights (EU) are 1450, 1495, and 1,560 kg (3,400 lb), respectively (corresponding to approx. 3,285 lb (1,490 kg) curb weight for the 135i - a 90 lb (41 kg) reduction from the 335i Coupé).

The 1 Series Coupé is marketed in the US as a spiritual successor to the legendary BMW New Class with its long bonnet, slim cabin and short rear. Apart from slight modifications, it uses the same nose design as the rest of the 1 Series so as to ensure some visual consistency within the range.

It was just announced in July 2007 that BMW will be bringing the 128i and 135i Coupés to the United States in Spring 2008. The 135i is priced about $6,000 less than the 335i Coupé .

Convertible

The 1 Series convertible officially debuted on September 29, 2007. The new 1-Series Cabriolet offers four petrol models ranging from the 118i's 143 hp 2.0-litre unit to the 306 hp 3.0-litre six-cylinder 135i, while a 177 hp (132 kW) four-cylinder turbodiesel will also be available.

Promotion

The vehicle is currently promoted by Kermit from the Muppet Show. There is a commercial in which Kermit drives a BMW 1 Series around in a desert making figure eights, showcasing the car's agile nature and playful handling.

BMW is showing a 3-episode web movie [5] promo (filmed in Hamburg with a New York cast) that looks almost like a film noir and feels more like a mini–TV movie or film, with the main focus on the actors and more subtle appearances of the car itself. These episodes were made for viewing in Japanese movie theaters, but can be viewed via the internet.

Racing

In 1998, a BMW E36 320d had won the 24 Hours Nürburgring, being able to drive very long stints. In 2006, a BMW 120d modified with a BMW customer racing kit available for 95,000 Euros [6], entered by "Schubert Motors" [7] repeated a similar if not better result. It scored 5th [8] in a field of 220 cars, many of them (Porsche 911 GT3, BMW M3, Lamborghini Gallardo, Aston Martin, Maserati) much more powerful than the 245 PS (180 kW) of the 120d, thus a significantly stronger field of competitors than in 1998. The racing version of 120d is called BMW 120d Motorsport [9] and it weighs only 1135 kg/2500 lb with a driver. It includes a 100 liter/25 gallon diesel tank for endurance racing and has a maximum torque of 450 N·m (330 ft·lbf) at 3000 rpm - the maximum power, 245 bhp (183 kW) is at 4200 rpm and the redline is only at 5000 rpm.